The Japanese consul in Kovno, Lithuania, who disobeyed his government’s orders in 1940 and issued transit visas through Japan to thousands of Jews seeking to flee war-torn Europe – wasn’t widely known until 1985, when Yad Vashem, Israel’s Holocaust memorial authority, honored him as one of the Righteous Among the Nations.

But I grew up hearing Sugihara’s story because he saved my father’s life. My father, the attorney Nathan Lewin, is a Sugihara survivor. I also have a family connection to something few others have known until very recently – the answer to a long-unsolved mystery surrounding Sugihara’s rescue of an estimated 6,000 Jews.

Why did the Dutch consul in Kovno, Jan Zwartendijk, begin issuing the “Curaçao visas” – the Dutch endorsements that appeared to permit travel to Curacao, Holland’s island territory of South America upon which Sugihara relied when issuing visas? Why did Zwartendijk begin writing in Jewish passports that a visa was not needed to travel to Curaçao? Grandmother Helped Sugihara Jews

The answer: my late grandmother. Peppy Sternheim Lewin, the recipient of the first Curacao visa, is the “missing link” in the story.

My grandmother was a Dutch citizen Grandmother Helped Sugihara Jews

raised and educated in Amsterdam. After she married my grandfather, Dr. Isaac Lewin, she moved to his home country, Poland. When the Nazi army invaded Poland in September 1939, my grandmother’s parents and her brother visited her in Lodz, my father’s birthplace. My great-grandfather promptly flew back to Amsterdam to take care of his business. He later perished at Auschwitz.

Her mother, Rachel Sternheim, and her brother, Leo Sternheim, were smuggled with my grandparents and my father, who was then three years old, over the border into Lithuania.

My grandmother sought help from Dutch diplomats in Lithuania because her mother and brother were Dutch citizens and because she had been a Dutch citizen before marrying my grandfather. She initially asked Zwartendijk, who was in Kovno, if he could issue her a visa to the Dutch East Indies, which included Java and Sumatra. He refused. So she wrote to the Dutch ambassador in Riga, L.P.J. de Decker. He also turned down her request for a visa to Java or Sumatra. Grandmother Helped Sugihara Jews

Refusing to be discouraged, my grandmother, who was then in Vilna – a short trip from Kovno – wrote to de Decker again and asked him whether there was any way he could help her family because it included Dutch citizens. The ambassador replied that the Dutch West Indies, including Curacao and Suriname, were available destinations where no visa was needed. The governor of Curacao could authorize entry to anyone arriving there.

My grandmother again wrote to de Decker asking whether he could note the Curacao or Suriname exception in her still-valid Polish passport. She asked the envoy to omit the additional note that permission from the governor of Curacao was required. After all, she pointed out; she did not plan to go to Curacao or Suriname.

“Send me your passport,” Decker replied. So she did. Grandmother Helped Sugihara Jews

On July 11, 1940, de Decker wrote in her passport in French, “The Consulate of the Netherlands, Riga, at this moment declares that for the admission into Suriname, Curacao, and other possessions of the Netherlands in the Americas, no entry visa is required.”

My grandmother then showed Zwartendijk what the Dutch ambassador had written in her passport and asked him to copy it onto my grandparents’ Leidimas – the temporary travel document the Latvian government had issued them after the existence of Poland was officially nullified by the Nazi invasion. On July 22, 1940, Zwartendijk agreed and wrote de Decker’s notation on my grandparents’ travel papers. That is how my grandparents and father received our first Curacao visa.

Relying on Zwartendijk’s notation, Sugihara agreed to give my grandparents (and my grandmother’s mother and brother, who were still Dutch citizens) transit visas through Japan on their purported trip to Curacao. Sugihara issued their visas on July 26, 1940. The Japanese consul kept a list of the individuals he issued visas. My great-grandmother, Rachel Sternheim, is No. 16 on the list; my grandfather, whose Leidimas included my grandmother and my father, is No. 17, and my great-uncle, Levi (Leo) Sternheim, received Sugihara’s 18th visa. Grandmother Helped Sugihara Jews

The endorsement of Chiune Sugihara appears on the travel document that allowed Isaac Lewin
and his family to escape Lithuania in 1940. Nathan Lewin is a 4-year-old boy in the arms of his mother.
Credit: Courtesy of Alyza D. Lewin

The number of visas Sugihara issued jumped exponentially on July 29, 1940, when hundreds of Jews who had escaped to Vilna learned of my grandmother’s successful effort. They crowded outside the Japanese consulate in Kovno (Kaunas in Lithuanian), hoping Sugihara would issue them a visa. Sugihara worked around the clock for a month, issuing 2,139 visas, including to whole families. These enabled the refugees to take the trans-Siberian railroad from Moscow to Vladivostok and then travel by boat from Russia to Japan, supposedly en route to Curacao.

The story of Sugihara

and his rescue is told in a feature film, “Persona Non-Grata,” which premiers in October and is now making the rounds at Jewish film festivals across the country. It screened recently at the Washington Jewish Film Festival and was shown again in Washington, D.C., last month as part of CineMatsuri, the Japanese Film Festival in the Nation’s Capital. Although my grandmother’s role is one of the mysteries in the film, my father was asked to share his mother’s tale after a CineMatsuri screening.

There are perhaps 100,000 descendants of Sugihara survivors alive today. It is humbling to think that my grandmother’s initiative and perseverance opened this travel route to safety for many. Grandmother Helped Sugihara Jews

Originally posted on The Times Of Israel, 2016 (The story of Rachel Sternheim may answer a long-unsolved mystery surrounding the rescue of 6,000 Lithuanian Jews from the Nazis)