Passports in British America and early United States

Learn about the origins and evolution of passport systems in British America and the early United States. The article situates the development of these systems within the broader context of colonial governance, state formation, and the shifting understanding of citizenship. Passports British America States

Colonial Era Context

In the colonial period, passports were not as formalized as we understand them today. Rather, they were more akin to letters of introduction or safe-conduct passes. These documents were often issued by colonial governors or local authorities to regulate the movement of individuals within and between colonies. Passports served multiple functions, such as controlling trade, ensuring that travelers had legitimate business, and managing the return of indentured servants to their places of origin. They also helped maintain security by allowing authorities to keep track of who was entering and leaving colonial territories.

Passports and Identity Passports British America States

One of the primary functions of early passport systems was to verify the identity of travelers. In a time when personal identification documents were rare, passports provided a crucial means of distinguishing between citizens, non-citizens, and potential threats to colonial security. The article highlights how these early documents laid the groundwork for later systems of state-issued identification. In British America, the need for such controls was driven by concerns over immigration, trade, and the movement of populations, particularly in the volatile period leading up to the American Revolution.

Transition to U.S. Control

The American Revolution marked a turning point in the development of the passport system. As the colonies broke away from British control and established their own government, the need for a formalized system of travel documentation became more pressing. The fledgling United States inherited many of the practices of British colonial authorities but adapted them to fit the needs of a new nation. Passports became a tool not only for regulating internal movement but also for managing international relations and asserting the sovereignty of the new state. Passports British America States

During this period, passports were often issued by state governments rather than the federal government. However, as the nation grew and its international presence expanded, the federal government began to take a more active role in issuing and regulating passports. This shift reflected the increasing importance of passports in defining the relationship between the state and its citizens.

Impact on Citizenship Passports British America States

The article also explores the evolving concept of citizenship in the early United States and the role that passports played in this process. In the colonial period, citizenship was a fluid and often ill-defined concept, closely tied to loyalty to the British Crown. However, as the United States developed its own identity, the concept of citizenship became more formalized. Passports were an important part of this process, serving as a tangible representation of an individual’s status as a citizen of the new nation.

The article emphasizes that passports were not just bureaucratic tools but also powerful symbols of belonging and identity. They conferred certain rights and privileges, such as the right to travel freely and the protection of the U.S. government while abroad. At the same time, they also imposed obligations, such as loyalty to the state and adherence to its laws.

Practical Applications

In addition to their symbolic significance, passports had practical applications in the early United States. They were used to facilitate trade, regulate immigration, and support military efforts during periods of conflict. For example, during the War of 1812, passports were used to identify and protect American citizens traveling abroad, ensuring that they were not mistaken for enemy combatants. Similarly, passports were used to control the movement of immigrants, particularly in the early years of the nation when concerns about foreign influence and security were paramount. Passports British America States

Examples

The passports and geographic regions discussed in this article require clarification, as it may seem unusual to associate passports with travel within what is now the United States. It’s important to remember that during the time these passports were issued, the southeastern states were often referred to as the southwest. The majority of the passports compiled here authorized passage through Indian or foreign-held territory east of the Mississippi River between 1770 and 1823.

Before 1824, the Secretary of War oversaw the government’s relations with Indian tribes, including the issuance of passports. In 1824, the Bureau of Indian Affairs was established within the War Department. Indian affairs remained under the War Department until 1849, when they were transferred to the newly created Department of the Interior.

An example of early passport laws is found in a treaty written by Secretary of War Henry Knox and Creek Indian Chief Alexander McGillivray, communicated to the U.S. Senate by George Washington on August 7, 1790. Article 7 states that no citizen or inhabitant of the United States could enter Creek territory without first obtaining a passport from a Governor, a U.S. military officer at the nearest frontier post, or another authorized individual. Since Indian affairs fell under Federal jurisdiction and involved appointed Indian agents, this occasionally created tension with state Governors and officials. As a result, some Governors issued passports on their own authority, contributing to the controversy.

Passports were issued by various officials, including the Governor of the Southwest Territory, Indian Chief Alexander McGillivray, Governor John Sevier, General Pickens, Spanish officials, and even prominent civilians. It appears that some traders also issued illegal passports for a fee. Regardless of the issuer, passports were supposed to be granted only to those who demonstrated good conduct while traveling through Indian or Spanish territories. Authorities exercised caution in allowing individuals into these lands, particularly to prevent troublemakers from disturbing the peace.

The influx of people into new areas—whether with legal passports or as trespassers—often led to trouble, especially along territorial boundaries, which became hotbeds of lawlessness. Indians, traders, immigrants, outlaws, and adventurers all sought passports. The earliest passports were issued for various purposes, including trade, debt collection, recovering stolen property, removing white intruders, or simply passing through. Often, depositions for passports have survived while the passports have not.

Spanish Passport 1786

Dr. Charles de Grand Pre Lieutn Colonel of his Majesty Armys Captn. of the first Company of Granideers, of the Luisiana Regiment of Infantery, Com- mandr. Civil and Millitary of Fort Natches and its district &C. Permit Mr. Thomas Amis, his Son John Amis and two Negroes Belonging to them, and the named William Fletcher to pass into North Carolina to there familys. I desire and charge they may be permitted to pass Unmolested as the said Mr. Amis, has while his Stay her Behaved himself as a Gentleman and a man of the Strickest honor Given under my hand this 29th of Augt. 1786 Signed/ Charles deGrand Pre Certify this to be a true translation taken from the Spanish on the other Side by me.

Tennessee Passport 1812

Willie Blount Governor in and over the State of Tennessee To whom it may concern Be it known that the bearer Mark R Newell EsqT. of Nashville is permitted So from this to Natchez and to taleed to take with him a negroe Boy about twelve years of age named Willis to pas thro’ the Chicka- saw and Choctaw Countrys – Given under my hand and the seal of the State at Nashville, this 4th day of Octr. 1812 . By the Governor W. Blount Willie Blount Secretary [reverse] Governor Blount’s passport to Mark R Newell. h October 1812.

Georgia Passport 1811

STATE OF GEORGIA
By his Excellency David B. Mitchell Governor and Commander in Chief of the Army and Navy of this State and of the Militia thereof all to wbom these presents shall come, or wbom tbe same may concern. Greeting KNOW YE, that the bearers hereof Messrs Isaac Jackson & Lawrance Moore from Anson County North Carolina have my permission to travel through the Creek Nation they taking special care to conduct themselves peaceably toward the Indians and agreeably to the laws of the United States. In testimony whereof, I have hereunto set my hand and caused the Executive Seal of the State to be affixed thereto. Done at the State House in MILLEDGEVILLE, the 6 day of May in the year of our Lord one thousand eight hundred and Eleven of the Independence of the United States of America the thirty- fifth. BY THE GOVERNOR James Rousseau Secretary

Conclusion Passports British America States

The article concludes by highlighting the gradual but significant changes in how movement was controlled in British America and the early United States. The evolution of the passport system reflects broader changes in the relationship between the state and its citizens, as well as the growing importance of national sovereignty and security in the early Republic. Ultimately, the article provides a comprehensive overview of how passports became a vital tool for both state control and individual identity in the formative years of the United States.

Source: Passports of the Southeastern Pioneers 1770-1823 by Dorothy Williams Potter, 1982

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